Rational Component
IIA. Rational-Reflective Class
a) Few – Many
| Many – 32 | Few – Many – 336 |
| Major – 75 | |
| A little– 38 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 145 (0,69%) | 336 (1,16%) |
Russians are more inclined to estimate quantity (1,16% – 0,69%)
b) Far – Near
| Far – 27 | Space – 33 |
| Far – Near– 32 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 27 (0,13%) | 65 (0,22%) |
The results of the calculations are too small to draw any conclusions.
c)Identical – unequal
| Not the same – 101 | Different – the same 213 |
| Equal – 325 | |
| A thing for two – 53 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 479 (2,28%) | 213 (0,73%) |
The tendency to compare is much more pronounced among Ukrainians (2,28% >> 0,73%).
d) Past – Future
| Those years – 51 | Past – Future – 341 |
| Past – Future – 30 | |
| Ancient -13 | |
| Transferred – 37 | |
| Now – 11 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 142 (0,68%) | 341 (1,17%) |
One might think that interest in the past and future is correlated with emotionality..
e) Count – calculation – money
| Counting – 192 | Counting – 57 |
| Money – gold – silver – 105 | Money – gold – 96 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 296 (1,40%) | 153 (0,53%) |
Here money, gold, and silver are taken from the collection of Nomes as a measure of value in calculations. Since Dahl does not give the “Money-Gold” section, the calculation was carried out in other sections, but perhaps not all proverbs and sayings were identified. However, the account is not only about money, no conclusions can be drawn
f) Language
| Language – 328 | Language – 409 |
| People – Language – 93 | |
| Proverb – Saying – 36 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 328 (1,56%) | 538 (1,85%) |
In general, the difference is small, but in Nomys it is not so much about the language as it is, examples of typical invitations, farewells, mocking assessments of words from other languages, etc. are given. There is practically nothing about the native language, therefore it is not surprising that Ukrainians do not hold it in due esteem.
g) Name
| Name – 67 (0,23%) |
Nomys does not give a special section with such a subject.
Examples from Ukrainian and Russian folklore for the whole class IIA
Ukrainian Russian
| • A big tree grows slowly | • Great things come from small things |
| • In a big ship, and at the very bottom | • From the world on a thread – a naked has a shirt |
| • Who is elder is not smaller | • Small Small spool but precious but precious |
| • Some devils are afraid of the cross, and others are afraid of the whip | • Across the sea, a heifer costs a half but transporting costs up to a ruble |
| • A fisherman sees a fisherman from afar | • You can see up close but it's insulting to the feet |
| • The net from the fish trap laughs bге it is the same | • He stole an ax, but he says that he is not a thief |
| • The same thank what for fish, what for crayfish | • Horseradish is not sweeter than radish |
| • There were only a handful of people in old Khmel's time | • After the rain on Thursday |
| • Where are those times when the sausages themselves flew to the mouth | • Who remembers the old will be without an eye |
| • Three sacks of buckwheat wool and all three are incomplete | • Although rare, but aptly |
| • They brag about a woman not at seven days, but at seven yearsліт | • To know where to fall, so to spread the straw. |
| • Are there gentlemen who do not like money? | • Half a penny without an altyn, without forty-seven kopecksк |
| • Better virginity in the mire than without virginity in gold | • God loves trinity |
| Two Yuris gathered, and both are stupid | • The proverb is not in vain |
Rational-reflex component in folklore is more typical for Ukrainians than for Russians (6.25% and 5.56%, respectively). Their slight preponderance was mainly due to the sections "Identical – unequal" and "Counting – accounting – money". Obviously, Ukrainians tend to have a greater sense of comparison.
IIB Rational-Evaluative Class
This class includes topics that reflect general thoughts, reasoning, and attitudes towards being in general and towards labor activity in particular.
a) Logical thinking, science
| Reason – 108 | Reason – Cause – 17 |
| Guilty– 67 | Reason – Consequence – 65 |
| Strength is in what – 82 | Reason – Alibi – 78 |
| Science – 148 | Start-end – 188 |
| I forgot – 15 | Essence – Exterior -366 |
| Literacy – 106 | |
| Learning – Science -313 | |
| Memory – Commemoration -36 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 420 (1,99%) | 1169 (4,03%) |
Logical thinking and the importance of science to a human being are more reflected in the Russian national character than in the Ukrainians (4,03% > 1,99%>.
Examples from Ukrainian and Russian folklore
Ukrainian Russian
| • Like seeds, like roots | • Where there is smoke, there is fire |
| • Whoever does not listen to dad will listen to the headsman | • What to blame on the mirror, if the face is crooked |
| • the know-it-all runs, and the know-nothing lies | • Who has many reasons, he lies a lot |
| • He who works, grieves. | • If there was a head, there would be a mace |
| • A philosopher, but he does not know how to harness a mare to a yoke | • They beat the wolf not for being gray, but for eating the mare |
| • You know the taste of pumpkin! | • Small start but expensive |
| • An unloved godmother's pies are not tasty either | • A good start to the half was exhausting |
| • He who knows much has little | • The beginning is difficult, but the end is wise |
| • Do not learn the mind until old age, but until death | • They meet by dress, see off by mind |
| • And he sometimes drives by the wise devils | • It is not the place that beautifies the man, but the man the place |
| • Power without a head goes wild, and reason without power slows down | • Who wants to know a lot, that's why you need to sleep a littleь |
| • I have already forgotten more than you know | • Learning is light, and unlearning is darkness. |
| • You say what you say, but I heard from people | Russian for reading, Ukrainian for singing |
With a certain inclination to compare, Ukrainians are rather skeptical about science, they obviously believe that they are already smart enough. Some examples show simply a dismissive attitude towards science and knowledge. In Russian folklore, there are no analogs to the Ukrainian Whoever knows well, that little can. The unwillingness of Ukrainians to study was also noted by Mykola Kostomarov, when he taught at Kyiv University in 1846: "Little Russian youth, natives of the left side of the Dnieper, with the exception of a few gifted with special outstanding talents, were distinguished by some kind of stupidity, laziness, and apathy for mental work" [KOSTOMAROV N.I. 1890: 66-67] Obviously, such an attitude to science characterizes, on the one hand, the self-confidence of Ukrainians, and on the other hand, it is due to the absence of a strict need to seek in science the means of satisfying material needs, because the mental abilities of the Ukrainian are not deprived.
b) Practical mind, experience
| Mind – 66 | Mind – Stupidity – 593 |
| Fool – 500 | Sense – Stupid – 889 |
| Humbug – 440 | Oversight – Quickness – 409 |
| Stupid – 17 | Caring – Experience – 170 |
| It is not known – 97 | |
| Skilled student – 80 | |
| Experienced – 38 | |
| Сhores – 67 | |
| Gawk – 82 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 1383 (6,99%) | 2061 (7,10%) |
It is difficult to separate practical mind and experience from acquired theoretical knowledge. Obviously these two subclasses should be considered together. Then, in total, the Russians still outnumber the Ukrainians(11,23% > 8, 98%).
Examples from Ukrainian and Russian folklore
Ukrainian Russian
| • He who cries in the evening will laugh in the morning | • The morning is wiser than the evening. Husband's wife is prompter" |
| • One fool will throw an ax into the water, but ten smart people will not pull it out | • Do not buy too much, you have to sell what you need |
| • A fool, when he is silent, appears to be intelligent | • The wise man loves to learn, but the fool loves to teach. |
| • He does not know how to tie a horse's tail | To teach a learned is only to spoil |
| • We know without a priest that Sunday is a holiday | • A man is smart – he is free to drink, a man is stupid – he will drink away and a sheepskin coat |
| • Tell your bald father! |
c) Energy, mobility
| Vagabond – Rebel – 22 | Rest – Movement – 32 |
| Restless – 65 | Silence – Noise – Scream – 68 |
| Quiet – 53 | Way – Road – 107/td> |
| Sleep – 126 | Sleep – 74 |
| Rambling– 41 | |
| Way – 168 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 475 (2,26%) | 281 (0,97%) |
The clear difference between Ukrainians and Russians (2.26 > 0.97), contrary to Dontsov's statement about the passivity of Ukrainians, indicates that they are significantly more energetic than Russians. Apparently, Dontsov did not know the Russians in rural Russia. The sections "Calmness," "Sleep" presented here do not contradict the general theme:
Examples from Ukrainian and Russian folklore
Ukrainian Russian
| • You can't buy a horse from sleep, and you can't make clothes from lying down | • Dust in a column, smoke in a yoke – either from a fight or from a dance |
| • Grabs like a priest's daughter to marry | • Under a lying stone and water does not flow |
| • He toys because all goes well for him | • Go on the road – weave five bast shoes |
| • Who is often on the road was under the cart and on the cart | • Rushing about like a thief at a fair |
d) Work, household, craft
| Soil – 24 | Work – Idleness – 487 |
| Work – 138 | Agriculture – 585 |
| Lazy – 212 | Craft – Tool – 88 |
| Dawdle – 71 | Craft – Artisan – 111 |
| Buying – selling – 234 | Trading – 338 |
| Negligence – 24 | Loans – 159 |
| Craft – 103 | Supervision – Master – 133 |
| Various crafts – 200 | Yard – House – Household – 231 |
| Look after – 30 | Animal – 247 |
| Exchange – 15 | |
| Money – 132 | |
| Debt – 61 | |
| Proprietor – 64 | |
| Supervision – 6 | |
| House – 90 | |
| My house – 46 | |
| Spin – 4 | |
| Cattle – 70 | |
| Poultry – 12 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 1536 (7,30%) | 2369 (8,17%) |
Part of the folklore devoted to labor activity is somewhat more among Russians than among Ukrainians (8,17% > 7,30%). Note that in the complex topic of money, here the proverbs dedicated to them are related to trading activities as a means of payment. The quantitative advantage of the Russians is somewhat lost if we consider the qualitative side of folklore because the work can be treated differently. Some examples of Russian proverbs below obviously have a double meaning but are not always taken as a joke. In Ukrainian folklore, there were no analogs to many Russian examples of a dismissive attitude towards work (at least in the same quantity).
Examples from Ukrainian and Russian folklore
Ukrainian Russian
| • A hardworking penny feeds forever | • Working is not a bear, it won't go into the forest |
| • Whoever works, does not walk naked | • Lie on your side and look at the Oka River |
| • Only deferred cheese is good | • People plow, and we wave our hands |
| • Teach the lazy not by thresh, but teach with hunger | • People reap, and we lie under the boundary |
| • He who loves the oven is the enemy of Sich | • Laziness was born before us |
| • Negligence is worse than drunkards | • Even if I don't eat for three days, I don't get off the stove |
| • Where you don't put it, you won't take it there | • Work loves fun |
| • Where you can't see with your eyes, you'll shake your wallet there | • From the labors of the righteous you will not make stone chambers |
| • A goat plucks an osier, and a wolf a goat, and a wolf a man, and a man a Jew, and a Jew an esquire, and an esquire a lawyer, and three hundred devils pluck lawyers |
• Without effort, you can not catch a fish from the pond |
| • The bark is not removed from the same linden tree twice | • Lie my tow for at least a whole week |
| • Work without end, like a mare without a tail | • From work you will not be rich, but you will be a hunchback |
| • To eat fish, you have to get into the water | • Not work dries, but care |
| • Everything is attempted, but not everything succeeds | • Drones are a lot of tricksv |
| • Even God loves an owner | The owner will pass through the yard – he will find the ruble; goes back – finds two |
e) Human
| Full-bodied, grown-up – 141 | Human – 615 |
| Strong – 145 | Woman – Judy – 84 |
| Beautiful – 104 | |
| Awesome – 40 | |
| Nasty – 97 | |
| Shame – 57 | |
| No without flaws – 10 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 594 (2,82%) | 699 (2,41%) |
Man as a person is interested in both people in approximately equally. Ukrainians attach more importance to the physical properties of a person. In accordance with the titles of the sections, they respect healthy, "corpulent" people. Russian folklore has a more moral, instructive character.
f) Health, youth, old age, illness
| Young and old – 196 | Youth – Old age – 241 |
| Disease – 144 | Health – Ailment – 228 |
| Health – 33 | |
| Doctors – 12 | |
| Medicine woman – 95 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 480 (2,28%) | 469 (1,61%) |
Problems of age, health, and disease are of more concern to Ukrainians than to Russians (2.28% > 1.61%). It is not for nothing that there were many Ukrainians among the outstanding medical scientists of Russia and the Soviet Union.
Examples for the last two sections
Ukrainian Russian
| • She was young – she was stupid, she became old – she became stupid | • What's in your mouth is useful |
| • And so many evils of all kinds, so God also made women abundant | • And a bad man will live a hundred years |
| • There, you can eat a bagel until you get around her | • Blood with milk |
| • Teeth like turnips | • Breast of a swan, gait of a peacock |
| • It is a shame to name, but a sin to hide | • Not happy without illness and health |
| • Grandfathers build, and women fertilize | • Gray hair, but no conscience |
| • Cheeks like watermelons | • Green grapes are not sweet, and a young man is not hard |
| • An orphan has two mouths: with one he eats, with the other he lies | • Take care of the dress from new, and honor from a young age |
| • A giant does not live long in the world | • The lynx is motley from above, and the man from the inside |
| • Vasyl, don't take it by force | • The hair is long and the mind is short |
| • Give birth, grandma, to a child, and grandma is a hundred years old | • The curve does not matter, but the grief of the crooked soul |
| • If God helps, then the woman will help | • That's two ears to listen more |
| • A hundred women will come, but it will bring a hundred disasters | • Healthy for food, but frail for work. |
g) Life – Death
| Death – 214 | Life – Death – 385 |
| To live – 50 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 264 (1,25%) | 385 (1,33%) |
The themes of life and death are equally poorly represented in the folklore of both peoples.
h) Kin, family, children
| Man and woman – 251 | Man – Woman– 356 |
| Kin – 97 | Children – Kindred – 297 |
| Children – 184 | Family – Kinsfolk – 260 |
| Son – 54 | Kin – Tribe – 225 |
| Father – 122 | Loneliness – Marriage – 262 |
| Mother – 82 | Groom – Bride – 153 |
| Dother – 31 | Matchmaking – 92 |
| Брат – 24 | Wedding – 146 |
| Uncle -17 | |
| Others-125 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 1269 (6,03%) | 1791 (6,17%) |
With almost the same weight that Ukrainians and Russians give to family ties, it is striking that Russians say a lot about the inheritance of the character of their parents by children in the subject of "Kin-Tribe", while in Ukrainian folklore the reflection of family relations prevails, and a lot of attention is paid to children, especially sons, and also to the father, less to the woman as a mother. The central place of the mother in the Ukrainian family, which is associated by many researchers with the grain-growing tradition, is not confirmed once again. The difference between Ukrainians and Russians is also that the latter pay more attention to marriage (twice as much of Russian folklore is devoted to this topic).
Examples from Ukrainian and Russian folklore
Ukrainian Russian
| • A woman is like a withe, wherever you want, you can put it there | • Children steal, father hides, children steal, mother mourns |
| • A woman is like a bag – what you put down, you carry |
• That's the treasure, that there is order in the family |
| • The blacksmith forges, and his wife goes to the inn | • Hold on like your own father! |
| • Small children are not allowed to sleep, and big ones are not allowed to breathe |
• From a bad seed do not expect a good descendant • Relatives are not a hindrance to service |
| • A beautiful smeared cake, not a child | • What is the father for, when he himself is a good man |
| • Keep your daughter at home, and also pay someone to take the trouble out of the house | • Freedom spoils even a good wife |
| • Respect your father and God – you will be loved everywhere | • The bride is born, the groom sits on a horse |
| • A mother does not cry for a cowardly son | • Put a fur coat on – it's warm, put on a wife – it's nicer • Letting a wife down means not giving out good things |
| • Girls grow like a dog's quinoa, and boys – like a stone | • The girl is not a wife, the nature is not the same |
i) Food
When displaying the relationship to food, Nomys did not specifically highlight the section, but the following sections may be suitable for the topic of Dahl
| Poverty – Hunger – 77 | Food – 560 |
| Bread – 287 | |
| To drink- 31 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 395 (1,87%) | 560 (1,93%) |
The universal problem of food and hunger is the same for all peoples, and in the folklore of both peoples, it is presented approximately the same.
и) Time, seasons
| Moon, (calendar, signs) – 155 | Seasons – 330 |
| Week – 56 | |
| Weather – Year – 250 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 461 (2,19%) | 330 (1,14%) |
In general, in the rational-evaluative class, the ratio between Russians and Ukrainians is almost the same:
Ukraininans – 34,51%
Russians – 34,87%
IIC. Rational-Reactive Class
In this class, the topics of those proverbs and sayings that reflect the normative prescriptions that are in force in the minds of peoples will be considered. This topic covers state categories, the court, the understanding of justice, the relationship between representatives of different social classes or levels, etc.
| Tsar – 27 | Tsar – 88 |
| Hetman – 17 | Prikaz Court – 42 |
| Court – 132 | Court – Covetousness – 105 |
| Council – 48 | Judgment – Truth – 79 |
| Repentance – 20 | Recognition – Evidence – 32 |
| Fine – 50 | Guilt – Merit – 152 |
| Найми – 130 | Crime – Sin – 46 |
| Lord – 388 | Coffers – 32 |
| Cossack – 118 | Law – 23 |
| Peasant – 112 | Superiors – Order – obedience – 141 |
| Chief – Service – 61 | |
| Ranks – Estates – 444 | ------------ | ------------ |
| 1042 (4,95%) | 1245 (2,29%) |
Examples from Ukrainian and Russian folklore
Ukrainian Russian
| • God – father, the sovereign – uncle | • Where is the tsar, here is the truth |
| • Even if you are a bastard, you are a helper to the tsar, but you are a master, but a ram | • Without a tsar, the earth is a widow |
| • The king will not stop the water | • One sun shines in the sky, and the Russian Tsar is on the Earth |
| • Service does not waste freedom | • High to the sky, to from the king • Род службе не помеха |
| • What is council is not treason | • The tsar does not know what the houndsman is doing |
| • Without a council even the army perishes | • The Russian people are tsar-loving |
| • Some council is worse than betrayal | • Obedience more than fasting and prayer |
| • What is free for the master is not free for Ivan | • The sword does not cut the head of the one who pleaded guilty |
| • Here's a collar and bow for you, I'm not your servant | • In court – with a foot, in a pocket – with a hand |
| • Hatching a laborer even from his knee, but buy | • Whom I serve, I take my hand |
| • Do not argue with the rich, do not fight with the strong | • Even with a bast, but the boss |
| • The master said and went himself | • Obedience to superiors – obedience to God |
| • The Lord's will is our destiny | • For the rich to go to court – tryn-grass; the poor – off with his head |
| • Give the horse oats and make him run like a dog | • Don't argue with a soldier |
| • A dog does not run away from a loaf, but only from a whip | • Lord's request – a strict order |
| • Mr. will be found for our goods | • It is closed on the shoulders of two heads |
| • Smear a guy with tallow, and he will stink of manure | • Don't do your good, do my bad |
| • The coffers knows no pity | • First in advice, first in reply |
| • Even if you put on a coat, don't shy away from a robe | • If you don’t go to ringers, you won’t get into sexton |
| Without a hetman, the army perishes | • Dog deserves food |
The mention in Russian folklore of the tsar as a symbol of supreme power is confirmed by the saying "The Russian people are tsar-loving" and in the content of sayings and proverbs. Other state categories also prevail among them (king, law, service, rank, class, etc.), and in Ukrainian – social (lord, mercenary, peasant, Cossack). Also noteworthy is the presence of the section "Council" in the collection of Nomis, to which Dahl has no correspondence. Considering the natural internal readiness of Russians to submit, one can easily understand why the administrative-command system suits them more than Ukrainians, for whom democratic institutions such as the council are of significant importance.
As a result, the rational component in the national character of Ukrainians occupies 46.28%, and Russians – 44.73%, but in terms of quality, the content of the folklore of both peoples differs more noticeably.